The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) requires employers to pay most employees overtime pay for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours in a workweek (some states require overtime in additional situations). The FLSA allows for exemptions from the overtime requirement for certain employees who work in administrative, professional, and executive jobs (known as "exempt" employees). To be considered "exempt," these employees must generally satisfy three tests:
- Be paid a salary, meaning they are paid a predetermined and fixed amount that is not subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity of work performed (the "salary basis test");
- Be paid at least a specified weekly salary level (the “salary-level test”); and
- Primarily perform executive, administrative or professional duties, as provided in the U.S. Department of Labor's regulations (the "duties test").
From July 1, 2024 through December 31, 2024, the minimum salary required for these exemptions is $844 per week under the FLSA. Beginning January 1, 2025, the minimum salary required for the exemptions is expected to increase to $1,128 per week under the FLSA.*
Even if an employee initially satisfies the tests for exempt status, employers can later jeopardize this classification with improper pay practices. Here are nine mistakes to avoid when paying exempt employees.
*The minimum salary requirements have been the subject of challenges in court. As of the publication date of this Tip of the Week, the minimum salary requirement is scheduled to increase from $844 per week to $1,128 per week on January 1, 2025. However, employers should watch for developments closely in case the situation changes.
#1: Docking salary for poor performance, such as an employee who failed to deliver an important project on time
Exempt employees must generally receive their full salary regardless of the quality or quantity of work performed, provided they work any part of the workweek. You can’t make deductions to exempt employees’ salaries for performance issues.
#2: Reducing their salary for misconduct without having a written policy
Under federal rules, you may make deductions from exempt employees’ salaries for unpaid disciplinary suspensions of one or more full days imposed in good faith for serious misconduct, such as sexual harassment, workplace violence, drug or alcohol use, or for violations of state or federal laws. However, the suspension must be imposed pursuant to a written policy applicable to all employees. Consider consulting counsel if you have questions about how to address an employee’s misconduct.
#3: Making a deduction because they attend a two-hour parent-teacher conference
Under the FLSA, when an exempt employee is absent for personal reasons (other than sickness or disability), you may make deductions from their salaries for full-day absences but are prohibited from making partial-day deductions.
#4: Requiring exempt employees to work the day before and after a company holiday in order to receive "holiday pay"
To help reduce absenteeism around holidays, some employers require non-exempt employees to work the day before and after the holiday to receive holiday pay for a day off, unless they schedule the time off in advance. This type of policy can’t be applied to exempt employees. If you choose to close for a holiday, exempt employees must generally receive their full salary as long as they work any part of the workweek.
#5: Reducing salaries for emergency closings
When the company closes for less than a full workweek for weather or other emergencies, exempt employees must still receive their full salary.
#6: Violating limits on using bonuses to meet the salary requirement
Employers may satisfy up to 10 percent of the federal salary requirement with nondiscretionary bonuses, incentive payments, and commissions. For each workweek, you must pay the exempt employee on a salary basis at least 90 percent of the standard salary level. The remaining portion of the required salary level (up to 10 percent) may be fulfilled through payment of nondiscretionary bonuses or incentive payments as long as the payments are paid at least annually.
#7: Paying part-time exempt employees less than $844/week ($1,128/week in 2025)
Part-time employees may be classified as exempt, but they must still receive a weekly salary of at least $844 (remainder of 2024) or $1,128 (in 2025) as well as meet the duties test for the exemption.
#8: Reducing exempt employees’ compensation for sick days
You may reduce exempt employees' salaries for full-day absences due to sickness but generally only if the employee receives paid sick leave. As such, the employee wouldn’t generally see a reduction in actual compensation. Instead, any reduction in salary is offset by the paid sick leave received.
Note: Under federal rules, deductions may be made for full-day absences due to sickness before the employee has qualified for the paid sick leave plan or after the employee has exhausted the leave allowance under the plan. For example, an employer's sick leave plan provides each employee with 10 paid sick days per year. An employee must work for the employer 90 days before becoming eligible for paid sick leave. In this example, under federal rules, a deduction of one or more full days may be made from the salary of an exempt employee who is absent due to sickness:
- Before the employee becomes eligible to participate in the sick leave plan (such as, in the initial 90 days of employment); and
- After the employee has exhausted the 10-day leave entitlement under the sick leave plan.
#9: Failing to ensure compliance with state requirements
Many states have their own tests and rules for employees classified as exempt from overtime. Generally, if state law is more protective (i.e., requires a higher salary amount or has duties tests that are more difficult to satisfy), then state law must be followed.
Only the following states have minimum salary requirements for exemption that exceed $844 per week (the current federal requirement) for one or more of the exemptions.
- Alaska ($938.40 per week in 2024)
- California ($1,280 per week in 2024)
- Colorado ($1,057.69 per week in 2024)
- New York ($1,200 per week or $1,124.20 per week depending on region in 2024)
- Washington ($1,302.40 per week in 2024)
This means the state’s minimum salary requirement must be met to maintain the state exemption from overtime for the remainder of 2024. These five states also typically adjust their minimum salary requirements annually. An upcoming HR Tip of the Week will cover these changes.
Keep in mind that state rules may prohibit employers from using bonuses to satisfy part of the salary requirement. Therefore, to maintain the state exemption in these locations, employers must satisfy the state's requirement with a salary alone. Check your state law to ensure compliance.
Conclusion
Employers with exempt employees should ensure they comply with all rules for classifying exempt employees and avoid improper deductions and other practices that may jeopardize the employee’s exempt status.